Zoonotic diseases are those that can be passed between animals and humans and can be caused by viruses, bacterias, parasties and fungi. This zoonoses by species listed below focuses on zoonotic disease associated with animals used at UCSF, including general methods to prevent disease transfer from animals to humans. While most animals at UCSF are free of zoonotic disease, it is important to be aware of pathogenic organisms that may be carried by animals. If you observe any symptoms in your study animals, contact a LARC veternarian immediately. If you observe any symptoms in your household pets, contact your personal veterinarian.
Zoonoses by Species
Birds
Psittacosis
Psittacosis, also called Ornithosis or Chlamydiosis, is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia psittaci. All birds are susceptible to the disease and act as the reservoir of the bacteria, but pet birds and poultry are the main source of transmission to humans. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with a contaminated bird or by inhalation of contaminated secretions or feces. Infected birds can be asymptomatic, but commonly they are inappetent, lethargic with respiratory disease, and in severe cases, acute death. Human disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms including cough and chest pain, rarely progressing to pneumonia. Severe cases occur with endocarditis, hepatitis and neurologic complications. The disease is readily treated with antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/psittacosis.html
Avian Tuberculosis
Avian tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium avium. All birds are susceptible to avian tuberculosis, although it is more common in captive birds than wild birds. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with infected birds or with contaminated tissue. Birds are usually not symptomatic until late in disease when weight loss and lethargy is prevalent. Granulomatous lesions occur in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines. Human disease is more likely to occur in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying pulmonary disesase. Symptoms vary from pulmonary disease to disseminated disease classically seen in HIV infected patients.
For more information:
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/7123/mycobacterium-avium-complex/resources/1
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Birds can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/yersinia/
Allergic Reactions to Birds
Allergic reaction and hypersensitivity pneumonitis are potential occupational risk when working with birds. Those workers that have other allergies are at particular risk. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a lung condition with symptoms that mimic pneumonia. Signs of allergic reaction after exposure to birds are rhinitis and asthma. Signs and symptoms of both allergic reactions and hypersensitivity occur several hours after exposure. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Cats
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma has a complex life cycle that can only be completed in its reservoir species, cats. Although other mammals, including humans, can act as intermediate hosts, cats are the only source of infective oocysts that are shed in their feces. Humans contract the oocysts by accidental ingestion, either by direct contact with contaminated feces or by ingesting contaminated food or water. Infections are frequently asymptomatic in humans and cats, but can cause flu-like symptoms that can include myalgia (muscle aches) and lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) that last several weeks. Immunocompromised individuals are at risk of severe neurologic and ophthalmologic disease. Newly infected pregnant women can pass the protozoa transplacentally to their fetus and cause death or severe neurologic or ophthalmologic abnormalities. Anti-protozoal medication can help treat symptomatic infection, but does not completely eliminate the parasite from infected tissue.
Oocysts do not become infective in the feces for at least 24 hours, so removal of fresh feces is the best prevention.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toxoplasmosis.html
Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratch disease is caused by a bacterium, Bartonella henselae. Cats are the main reservoir species and transmit the bacterium by scratch, bite or lick. Infected cats do not have symptomatic disease. Most people suffer from a mild local infection at the point of contact, but some experience local lymphadenopathy and flu-like symptoms. For immunocompetent individuals the disease is self-limiting and does not require treatment. Immunocompromised individuals may have more severe disease and require long-term antibiotics.
For more information:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/catscratchdisease.html
Cat Bites
Due to the shape of feline teeth, cats have penetrating bites that easily transmit disease. One of the common agents involved is Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium that resides in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract of cats. Human infection is generally characterized by local inflammation with occasional abscess formation and ascending infection. Wounds can be readily treated with oral antibiotics. In the event of a cat bite immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415 /353-7842.
For more information:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html
Ringworm
Ringworm is a dermatophyte, or fungal skin infection, caused most commonly by Microsporum and Trichophyton species. Dermatophyte infections can affect anyone and are easily spread by direct contact between multiple species. Symptoms are typically red, raised circular skin lesions with a clear central area. Lesions are often pruritic, or itchy, and can affect any area of skin as well as the nails and scalp, resulting in alopecia. Severe infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections, but most commonly lesions are readily treated by over-the-counter antifungals.
For more information:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/ringworm.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Cats can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly Giardia, Cryptosporidia, and Campylobacter, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/campylobacter/index.html
Endoparasites
The most common helminthes in cats are Toxocara cati, a roundworm, and Dipylidium caninum, a tapeworm. Toxocariasis is transmitted by the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces. Most commonly both cats and humans are asymptomatic, but there are ocular and visceral forms of infestation that can cause severe disease. Dipylidium infection is transmitted by the ingestion of fleas carrying tapeworm eggs. Similarly, both cats and humans are largely asymptomatic. Both roundworm and tapeworm infestations are easily treated with antiparasitic drugs.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dipylidium/index.html
Ectoparasites
Notoedric Mange
Notoedric mange is caused by a mite, Notoedres cati. These mites are species specific and reproduce exclusively on their host species, but can be transmitted to other species and briefly cause inflammation and pruritus (itchiness), most commonly around the trunk and arms. Treatment is usually not needed for humans, but it is important to remove the source of infection.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/
Cheyletiella
Cheyletiella is a mite that is often called “walking dandruff” because the large, white mite can be seen moving on hair shafts or skin. This mite is equally infective to multiple species and causes inflammation of the skin, pruritus (itchiness), scaling (dandruff), and crusting. The mite can be treated with antiparasitic shampoos or dips.
Allergic Reaction to Cats
Allergies to cat hair and dander are well documented. The major allergen in cats is a protein that is produced in their saliva and the sebaceous glands of their skin that coats the hair shafts. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Dogs
Brucellosis
Brucellosis in dogs is caused by a bacterium, Brucella canis. Dogs are the definitive host of this species of Brucella and the disease is not commonly transmitted to other species. The bacterium is contracted either by inhalation or by transcutaneous contact (through an open wound) with blood, urine or other tissues, particularly placenta. Primary signs of disease in dogs are last trimester abortions, stillbirths and conception failure. In humans, symptoms are flu-like, including fever, myalgia, and lethargy. Severe disease can progress to endocarditis, arthritis and meningitis. Treatment is long-term antibiotic therapy. Sequestered organisms can persist and cause recurrent disease.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/brucellosis/
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete bacterium, Leptospira interrogans, with multiple pathogenic serovars. Leptospires are found in many animals, but are most commonly associated with dogs and livestock. Transmission occurs by direct contact with the urine of infected animals, either transcutaneously, particularly broken skin, or through mucous membranes. Less commonly, transmission can occur through inhalation of aerosolized droplets of contaminated fluids. Disease in dogs is most commonly characterized by acute renal failure. Primary disease in humans is flu-like disease, including fever, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea and a rash. Secondary disease consists of renal failure, liver failure and meningitis. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/
Ringworm
Ringworm is a dermatophyte, or fungal skin infection, caused most commonly by Microsporum and Trichophyton species. Dermatophyte infections can affect anyone and are easily spread by direct contact between multiple species. Symptoms are typically red, raised circular skin lesions with a clear central area. Lesions are often pruritic, or itchy, and can affect any area of skin as well as the nails and scalp, resulting in alopecia. Severe infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections, but most commonly lesions are readily treated by over-the-counter antifungals.
For more information:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/ringworm.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Dogs can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly Giardia, Cryptosporidia, Campylobacter, and Salmonella, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/campylobacter/index.html
Endoparasites
The most common helminthes in dogs are Toxocara canis, a roundworm, and Dipylidium caninum, a tapeworm. Toxocariasis is transmitted by the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces. Most commonly both dogs and humans are asymptomatic, but there are ocular and visceral forms of infestation that can cause severe disease. Dipylidium infection is transmitted by the ingestion of fleas carrying tapeworm eggs. Similarly, both dogs and humans are largely asymptomatic. Both roundworm and tapeworm infestations are easily treated with antiparasitic drugs.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dipylidium/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
Ectoparasites
Sarcoptic Mange
Sarcoptic mange is caused by a mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. Dogs and humans are affected by different variants of this species of mite. They reproduce exclusively on their specific host species, but can be transmitted to other species and briefly cause inflammation and pruritus (itchiness), most commonly around the trunk and arms. Treatment is not needed when infected with non-human scabies, but it is important to remove the source of infection.
Fore more information:
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576775/
Allergic Reactions to Dogs
Individuals who have been previously sensitized to dogs outside of the work place may be at greater risk of developing allergies to dogs. Exposure to dog allergens is via saliva, hair, and skin. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Frogs
Salmonella
Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella and transmit the disease in their feces. Most commonly Salmonella is characterized by fever, diarrhea and cramps. Septecemia can occur in the young, elderly and immunocompromised. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
It is important to follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines in order to help prevent the spread of salmonella.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html
Endoparasites
Sparganosis
Sparganosis is caused by a pseudophyllidean cestode, a tapeworm, in its intermediate metacestode stage. The parasite is most commonly transmitted by ingestion of contaminated meat or water, but it can be transmitted by direct contact with infected animals. Once ingested the larva undergo visceral migration and can mature in various tissues, most commonly muscle, but also the eye and the brain.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/sparganosis/
http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2001/sparganosis/page4.html
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Frogs can be the source of gastrointestinal disease, mainly Escherichia coli, which is transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. This infectious agent causes acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
For more information:
Allergic Reactions to Amphibians
Human sensitivity to amphibian proteins in the laboratory setting is rare. It remains possible however, to become sensitized to amphibian proteins through inhalation or skin contact. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Pigs
Brucellosis
Brucellosis in pigs is caused by a bacterium, Brucella suis. Pigs are the definitive host of this species of Brucella and the disease is not commonly transmitted to other species. The bacterium is contracted either by inhalation or by transcutaneous contact (through an open wound) with blood, urine or other tissues, particularly placenta. Primary signs of disease in pigs are last trimester abortions, stillbirths and conception failure. In humans, symptoms are flu-like, including fever, myalgia, and lethargy. Severe disease can progress to endocarditis, arthritis and meningitis. Treatment is long-term antibiotic therapy. Sequestered organisms can persist and cause recurrent disease.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/brucellosis/
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete bacterium, Leptospira interrogans, with multiple pathogenic serovars. Leptospires are found in many animals but are most commonly associated with livestock. Transmission occurs by direct contact with the urine of infected animals, either transcutaneously, particularly broken skin, or through mucous membranes. Less commonly, transmission can occur through inhalation of aerosolized droplets of contaminated fluids. Disease in pigs is most commonly characterized by mid-late term abortions. Primary disease in humans is flu-like disease, including fever, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea and a rash. Secondary disease consists of renal failure, liver failure and meningitis. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Pigs can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly Cryptosporidia, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Yersinia, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/yersinia/
Endoparasites
The most common helminthes in pigs are Ascaris suum, a roundworm, and Taenia solium, a tapeworm. Swine ascariasis is transmitted by the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces. Most commonly both pigs and humans are asymptomatic, but there is a visceral form of infestation that can cause severe disease. Taeniasis is transmitted by the ingestion of fleas carrying tapeworm eggs or contaminated uncooked meat. Similarly, both pigs and humans are largely asymptomatic, but the tapeworm can cause cysticercosis in humans leading to cysts in muscle and brain tissue. Both roundworm and tapeworm infestations are easily treated with antiparasitic drugs.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/
Allergic Reactions to Pigs
Swine are one of the least likely animals to cause human allergies. However, respiratory protection may be necessary when working around feed and bedding for those who already have allergies. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Primates
Herpes B
B virus or Herpes B is caused by Macacine herpesvirus 1. The virus is closely related to the human herpes simplex and is common among rhesus macaques and cynomolgus monkeys. These species are the natural host for the virus and, like the herpes simplex in humans; primary infection is characterized by oral or genital ulcers. Often the host species are asymptomatic; in humans, however, the B virus causes severe disease. Typically, within one month of exposure, an infected person exhibits flu-like symptoms progressing to neurologic impairment or fatal encephalomyelitis. The virus is present in saliva, feces, urine or nervous tissue of infected nonhuman primates, and is commonly transmitted through bites, scratches or percutaneous inoculation with contaminated materials, including needles or cages. Treatment is the administration of B-virus immunoglobulin and herpesvirus antivirals. Treatment is not completely effective and fatality is approximately 70% in untreated patients.
Prevention:
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/herpesbvirus/
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in humans and nonhuman primates is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Humans are the reservoir species for the bacterium, and it is largely transmitted from humans to nonhuman primates, although nonhuman primates can be a source of the disease and transmit the bacterium to humans. The bacilli are transmitted by the aerosol route and by contact with infected lesions or bedding. Most commonly the disease in humans is characterized by flu-like symptoms accompanied with a severe cough, often with hemoptysis, or the coughing of blood. Ulcerative skin lesions may occur and the bacterium can affect any organ system with organ-specific symptoms. The disease is similar in nonhuman primates, although sudden asymptomatic death also occurs. Treatment is usually long-term combination antibiotic therapy.
Prevention:
For more information:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberculosis.html
Measles
Measles is caused by a virus of the same name, Measles virus. Humans are the reservoir species, and disease transmission can occur both from human to nonhuman primates and from nonhuman primates to humans. Measles is highly contagious and easily spread by airborne droplets or direct contact with secretions or recently infected material. Measles causes flu-like symptoms, including conjunctivitis and often accompanied by Koplick’s spots, mucosal lesions found in the mouth, and a generalized blotchy rash. Symptoms are similar in nonhuman primates and may occur subclinically. Treatment in adults is non-specific supportive care.
For more information:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/measles.html
Ringworm
Ringworm is a dermatophyte, or fungal skin infection, caused most commonly by Microsporum and Trichophyton species. Dermatophyte infections can affect anyone and are easily spread by direct contact between multiple species. Symptoms are typically red, raised circular skin lesions with a clear central area. Lesions are often pruritic, or itchy, and can affect any area of skin as well as the nails and scalp, resulting in alopecia. Severe infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections, but most commonly lesions are readily treated by over-the-counter antifungals.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/index.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Nonhuman primates can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly, Campylobacter, Shigella, Yersinia, and Entamoeba, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/
http://www.cdc.gov/shigella/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/yersinia/
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/amebiasis/
Allergic Reaction to Nonhuman Primates
There are no known allergens associated with nonhuman primates, but their housing may have common allergens such as dust from their bedding. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Fulfill all requirements detailed in the Old World Primate Worker Policy.
- Always wear proper PPE when working with nonhuman primates. Please refer to the non-human primate PPE guidelines.
- Only trained personnel should handle nonhuman primates. An in-person orientation should be scheduled through LARC.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Tell your physician you work with nonhuman primates. When you are ill, even if you are not certain that the illness is work-related, always mention to your physician that you work with nonhuman primates. Many zoonotic diseases have flu-like symptoms and would not normally be suspected. Your physician needs this information to make an accurate diagnosis. Questions regarding personal human health should be answered by your physician.
Rabbit
Pasteurella Multocida
Rabbits can transmit bacteria through bites and scratches. One of the common agents involved is Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium that resides in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract of rabbits. Human infection is generally characterized by local inflammation with occasional abscess formation and ascending infection. Wounds can be readily treated with oral antibiotics. In the event of a rabbit bite immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415 /353-7842.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/animalbites.html
Ringworm
Ringworm is a dermatophyte, or fungal skin infection, caused most commonly by Microsporum and Trichophyton species. Dermatophyte infections can affect anyone and are easily spread by direct contact between multiple species. Symptoms are typically red, raised circular skin lesions with a clear central area. Lesions are often pruritic, or itchy, and can affect any area of skin as well as the nails and scalp, resulting in alopecia. Severe infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections, but most commonly lesions are readily treated by over-the-counter antifungals.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/index.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Rabbits can be the source of gastrointestinal disease, mainly Cryptosporidia, which is transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. Cryptosporidium causes acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
Ectoparasites
Cheyletiella
Cheyletiella is a mite that is often called “walking dandruff” because the large, white mite can be seen moving on hair shafts or skin. This mite is equally infective to multiple species and causes inflammation of the skin, pruritus (itchiness), scaling (dandruff), and crusting. The mite can be treated with antiparasitic shampoos or dips.
Allergic Reactions to Rabbits
Allergies to rabbit hair and dander are well documented. Other major allergens in rabbits occur in their hair, saliva and urine. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Reptiles
Salmonella
Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella and transmit the disease in their feces. Most commonly Salmonella is characterized by fever, diarrhea and cramps. Septecemia can occur in the young, elderly and immunocompromised. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
It is important to follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines in order to help prevent the spread of salmonella.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html
Allergic Reactions to Reptiles
Human sensitivity to reptile proteins in the laboratory setting is rare. It remains possible however, to become sensitized to reptile proteins through inhalation or skin contact. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Rodents
Allergic Reactions to Rodents
By far the greatest occupational risk to working with rodents is allergic reaction or developing allergies. Those workers that have other allergies are at greater risk. Animal or animal products such as dander, hair, scales, fur, saliva and body waste, and urine in particular, contain powerful allergens that can cause both skin disorders and respiratory symptoms. The primary symptoms of an allergic reaction are nasal or eye symptoms, skin disorders, and asthma. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
Rat-Bite Fever
Rats can transmit bacteria through bites and scratches, while the strain of rats used at UCSF rarely bite, it is important to remember that rats can transmit bacteria through bites and scratches. One of the common agents involved is Streptobacillus moniliformis, a bacterium that resides in the oral cavity of rats. It is also possible for the bacterium to be transmitted by direct contact with urine or oral secretions of a rat without being bitten. Human infection is characterized by flu-like symptoms, followed by joint pain and a rash on the hands and feet. The disease can be readily treated with oral antibiotics. In the event of a rat bite immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415 /353-7842.
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ratbite_fever/
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Sheep
Q-Fever
Q fever is caused by a bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Q fever can be found in many mammals, but the primary reservoir species are cattle, sheep and goats. In the US, sheep are the most important reservoir species. Transmission is by inhalation of the organism aerosolized from fresh placental tissue or in dust contaminated by feces or placental tissue. Ruminants are largely asymptomatic, but abortion has been linked to Q fever infection. In humans, initial disease is characterized by non-specific flu-like symptoms with considerable variation in duration and severity. Some patients develop pneumonia and hepatitis. Chronic disease is characterized by endocarditis, particularly in patients with previous valvular heart disease. The disease is treatable with oral antibiotics, although chronic disease can be difficult to treat.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/qfever/
Contagious Ecthyma
Contagious ecthyma, or orf, is a viral disease caused by a poxvirus (named orf virus), and is primarily a disease of sheep and goats, particularly juvenile animals. Sheep primarily develop blisters that become scabs in their mouth, around their lips, and on their muzzle. The virus is contained in the scabs and can remain in the environment and act as a source of infection for months. The virus is transmitted to humans by direct contact with mucous membranes of infected animals or from contaminated materials. Humans develop painful lesions on their hands, which can last for several weeks. There is no treatment, although it is important the lesions are monitored for secondary bacterial infection.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/orf_virus/
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Sheep can be the source of multiple gastrointestinal diseases, mainly Cryptosporidia, Campylobacter, Giardia, and Coccidia, which are transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. These infectious agents cause acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/campylobacter/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/
Allergic Reactions to Sheep
Although there are no known sheep allergens, their environment may have allergens present in hay and dust. Contact dermatitis can also occur when handling sheep wool. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Fulfill all requirements detailed in the Sheep Worker Policy.
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Wild Rodents
Hantavirus
There are numerous species of hantavirus throughout the Americas, all occur among wild rodent populations. It is presumed that transmission is by inhalation of aerosolized secretions, including saliva, respiratory secretions, urine and feces. The viruses do not appear to cause disease among reservoir species, but cause severe disease in humans. Early symptoms are flu-like, including fever, myalgia and fatigue. Late symptoms of pulmonary disease are respiratory distress leading to respiratory failure. Late symptoms of hemorrhagic disease are anemia, often gastrointestinal bleeding, and renal disease. The only available treatment at present is supportive care.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/index.htm
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hantavirusinfections.html
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
The reservoir species of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is the common house mouse. Transmission is by inhalation of aerosolized secretions, including saliva, urine and feces or through contamination of skin wounds. Mice are symptomatic carriers. Symptoms in humans are initially flu-like and can advance to meningitis and encephalitis. Treatment is non-specific supportive care.
For more information:
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochete bacterium, Leptospira interrogans, with multiple pathogenic serovars. Leptospires are found in many animals, and rodents are an important reservoir species. Transmission occurs by direct contact with the urine of infected animals, either transcutaneously, particularly broken skin, or through mucous membranes. Less commonly, transmission can occur through inhalation of aerosolized droplets of contaminated fluids. Rodents have no clinical disease and can shed the bacteria throughout their lifetime. Primary disease in humans is flu-like disease, including fever, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea and a rash. Secondary disease consists of renal failure, liver failure and meningitis. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease caused by a rhabdovirus. All mammals are susceptible to the disease and can transmit the disease. Transmission occurs by contact with saliva, mucous membranes or blood, usually by an animal bite or by inhalation of aerosolized bat feces. The disease process is similar throughout species, characterized by initial flu-like signs and pain at the site of inoculation, and followed by laryngeal paralysis, generalized paralysis, respiratory failure and death. Once signs are apparent, the disease is nearly always fatal in non-vaccinated patients with no successful treatment regiment. In the event of a wild rodent bite immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415 /353-7842.
For more information:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rabies.html
Vector-borne Diseases
Plague
Plague is caused by a bacterium, Yersinia pestis. The reservoir species are wild rodents, primarily rats. Transmission of disease is mainly by vector, fleabite, but transmission can also occur by direct contact with contaminated animals or tissues or by inhalation of the virus in pneumonic forms. Rodents often are asymptomatic until death, but can have a high fever, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) and severe pneumonia. Humans display flu-like symptoms with painful lymphadenopathy, “buboes”, and can develop pneumonia and respiratory failure or septecemia. The disease is treatable with antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plague.html
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. Wild rodents act as reservoir species for the bacteria, which is transmitted by a tick vector. In the Pacific coastal U.S. the tick vector is the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. Risk of transmission is highest in the spring and fall when nymphs and adult ticks are seeking hosts. Rodents do not appear to be affected by infection with the bacteria. In humans, the disease is characterized by two stages. The first consists of flu-like symptoms and a rash, erythema migrans, which originates at the site of the tick bite and expands outwardly developing a bull’s-eye appearance. Late disease is characterized by neurologic, cardiac and arthritic disease. The disease is treatable with antibiotics, although a small portion of patients can develop long-term symptoms.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymedisease.html
Gastrointestinal Disease
Rodents can be the source of gastrointestinal disease, mainly Campylobacter, which is transmitted by the ingestion of feces or contact with any contaminated substance. This infectious agent causes acute gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. Most commonly clinical signs are short-lived, but may require supportive care or antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter/
Allergic Reactions to Rodents
By far the greatest occupational risk to working with rodents is allergic reaction or developing allergies. Those workers that have other allergies are at greater risk. Animal or animal products such as dander, hair, scales, fur, saliva and body waste, and urine in particular, contain powerful allergens that can cause both skin disorders and respiratory symptoms. The primary symptoms of an allergic reaction are nasal or eye symptoms, skin disorders, and asthma. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Review the Wild Mice Research Exposure Protocol for more information.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
Zebra Fish
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium marinum and M. fortuitum are nontuberculous mycobacterium species that affect fish. Humans acquire infection by direct contact with infected animals or contaminated water. Infection is rare and more commonly occurs with exposure to minor trauma. A localized granulomatous nodule appears at the site of infection. In immunocompromised individuals, lymphadenopathy can occur followed by arthritis and osteomyelitis. Infection is treated with long-term oral antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18001256
Aeromonas
Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium that occurs in freshwater and brackish environments. The disease is transmitted by infection of open wounds or ingestion of contaminated water or food. The bacteria causes septicemia in fish, and in humans most commonly causes gastroenteritis or local wound infections. The disease is treatable with oral antibiotics.
For more information:
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/aeromonas-hydrophila-eng.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3373137/
Allergic Reactions to Fish
Human sensitivity to fish proteins in the laboratory setting is rare. It remains possible however, to become sensitized to fish proteins through inhalation or skin contact. See Animal Allergy Guidelines for more information.
How to Protect Yourself
- Complete the online Medical Health Screening Questionnaire annually.
- Wash your hands. The single most effective preventative measure that can be taken is regular hand washing. Wash hands and arms after handling any animal or any related equipment, and never drink or eat in the animal rooms. Follow UCSF’s Hand Hygiene Guidelines.
- Follow posted Personal Protective Equipment requirements. Never wear protective equipment outside of animal areas.
- In the event of an exposure immediately call the Needlestick Exposure Hotline at 415-353-7842.
- Immune Compromised Workers who may be at increased risk for development of infectious diseases as a result of their potential exposure to these zoonoses may consult the The UCSF Policy for Immune Compromised Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.
- Pregnant and nursing laboratory workers, as well as women and men with concerns regarding the effect of their potential exposure to these zoonoses on their reproductive health, may consult the The UCSF Policy on Reproductive Health for Workers/Trainees in the Research Laboratory Setting for further education and training.